This page is not professional investment advice and some of it is probably badly wrong. I have made many mistakes and lost thousands of Pounds of my own money and you probably will also do so too: even if you are mostly wise and careful (there are many reasons why perfect investing is impossible). This article was written out of shock, late in 2021 an early 2022, because these are unusual, unprecedented, almost insane times both with regards to investing and also the very meaning of money itself. Much financial advice that was written in normal times is not relevant now. Even in normal times, please be careful, and never trust anyone or anything completely; not even your banks, governments or any real professional financial advice. Everyone makes mistakes and much is inherently deeply unpredictable but, even worse, there are also many criminals and liars looking for gullible investors. Some of my biggest mistakes have been from believing that highly-paid professionals did know what they were doing or that markets really did reflect fundamental values: they really often do not! The world of finance and investing is crazier than you might believe and markets can stay irrational longer than you can stay in profit - especially for the next year.
Please do not be offended by the discussion of ways to make money without hard labour. Some say that "The love of money is the root of all evil" but actually Nature is full of parasites, predators, callous behaviours and territorial or breeding fights to the death, life is never fair, and, by contrast, Adam Smith explained back in 1766 how working hard and getting paid is fundamental to much greater good and that government interference in trade is usually detrimental. The most beneficial government roles are justice, policing, maintaining international trade routes free from pirates, controlling stable currencies, fighting abusive monopolies and enforcing environmental standards. Some software and internet companies naturally fall into monopolies so there is some question about whether competition can always be maintained - especially in the USA which benefits more than any other country.
The best things in life are still free and we will all die one day so it is most important to have fun, enjoy life, youth, health, freedom and to help others with education, advice, and, if they are grateful, even charity/taxes but everything that a government spends starts as profits in a business and that must never be forgotten.
First, the good news: in general, in the real world away from lunatic finance, many factors combine to make the future better and richer than the past: education, science, innovation, clean water, policing, vaccinations, diagnostics, drugs, stock markets, free trade, communications (especially, 4G phones and The Internet), women making better choices about whom will father their children and a general reduction in tribal conflict, wars, ignorant stupid government etc. all make life better for most people as time passes by and increases in capital can help. Also, old investments are not always lost: roads and good city designs from even Roman times are still obvious in the UK today (house prices in old Roman cities are higher than purpose-designed modern towns). The best universities built some of their finest buildings centuries ago. Not all purchases depreciate in value as horrifically quickly as an uncooked prawn or a new car do.
In normal times, the most important concepts to understand in finance are around positive feedback and compound gains: specifically that investments owned now are normally worth more than the same money in the future due to the opportunities of investment and the marvels of compounding gains reinvested into the future offering gains off gains: good investments generate more gains for more investments feeding a virtuous circle of ever increasing wealth and hopefully happiness too. At its simplest, if one earns more than one spends then one always gets richer. Psychologists have noticed that how long a child can wait before eating a cookie (delayed gratification) is a better predictor of future professional and financial success than any other psychological measure!
My simplest advice is to wait for a financial crash and then start gradually buying a UK FTSE 250 Index tracker with zero costs or less than 0.5% charges inside an ISA tax-free wrapper. Anything more sophisticated requires good timing and a good choice of country and industry in which to invest. To have better investment returns than simple indexes requires that you be able to predict the future better than most people or at least be able to predict where the richest or the majority of people are going to put their investments or spending cash in the next day or next year. Predicting the future is famously hard but doing it better than most people is even harder.
The Dutch invented the first shared company ownership and stock market trading in coffee shops as a means to share the risks and rewards of trading in the Far East. Similarly today, share ownership allows small investors to start and own part of large strong high-technology creative companies that do great research and make great products.
Now the bad news: this might be a really bad time to start stock market investing, especially in US stocks which is precisely where most of the largest nominal gains were made during the last 20 years. Those huge gains will not repeat over the next 10 years and we are now in an unreal fantasy finance world called "The Mother of All Bubbles" or "The Everything Bubble" The Financial Times and Jeremy Grantham do a great historic review of just how crazy the American stock markets can be in a YouTube interview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_yRgMgBis0
George Soros is one of the greatest investors of all time and one principle of his approach is to try to predict major global events one year ahead to be ready for what others may consider is a surprise. He has unusually good connections globally and surrounds himself with unusually intelligent, educated and international staff. He still makes mistakes and you could never out-think him but you could try to rapidly mimic some of his general focus but you would be late and only aware of the part of the story that he wants to tell. Everyone will try to promote ownership of what they already own - there is no advantage to keeping secrets - except for the timing of the sale.
It is almost like the short-term and long-term certainties are running in opposite directions but must necessarily collide at some point. In the short-term a stock market is a popularity measure or "Voting machine" but, in the long-term, it is a more predictable "Weighing machine".
Many crashes and cases of financial fraud were apparent to many people for years before they were actually believed. The Financial Times was pursuing investigations into the Wirecard scandal and were being threatened with legal action by the very German regulators who failed to check their own responsibilities. One American investigator (Harry Markopolos)had written to the American financial regulator with good statistical analyses hinting at fraud for years for Madoff became known as the biggest Ponzi scheme ever.
Scott McNealy - is one of the greatest technology leaders of all times and was always an entertaining speaker who also lead my favourite tech company (Sun Microsystems) and donated to the World both: the Java programming language (and environment) as well as LibreOffice - the greatest free office suite and I use them every day so I am happy and grateful to him. In a Bloomberg interview in 1999, Scott McNealy, then CEO of Sun Microsystems, told investors paying 10x Price-to-Sales for his company that:
“At 10-times revenues, to give you a 10-year payback, I must pay you 100% of revenues for 10-straight years in dividends.
That assumes I can get that by my shareholders. It also assumes I have zero cost of goods sold, which is very hard for a computer company.
That assumes zero expenses, which is hard with 39,000 employees. That assumes I pay no taxes, which is very hard. And that expects you pay no taxes on your dividends, which is kind of illegal.
And that assumes with zero R&D for the next 10-years, I can maintain the current revenue run rate.
Now, having done that, would any of you like to buy my stock at $64? Do you realize how ridiculous those underlying assumptions are?
You don’t need any transparency. You don’t need any footnotes.
What were you thinking?”
There is likely to be an immediate funding crisis for Italian government debt as soon as the emergency EU debt buying ends in March 2022. Italian debt interest rates will either rise rapidly or Italy will be left without funding - almost like going bankrupt because they are not allowed to print Euros or their own parallel currency (though this has often been discussed). Only the European Central Bank can print Euros. The German government may decide to allow the EU to give Euros to Italian retirees or Italians who choose not to work but the German people may reject the debasement of the Euro and their own savings. France has not had a balanced federal budget since the 1970s. President Macron is not an idiot and he has tried to end French disadvantages and laziness but he has faced unions, farmers and Gilet Jaune protestors. French people are unusually smart and well educated and France is one of the finest countries in the World but French train drivers can retire at 50, ballet dancers get a pension even earlier whilst, by contrast, the rest of the World, and especially China is becoming more competitive each year. Most Euro funding comes from Germany and a little from other smaller countries like the Netherlands and Finland. Germany is owed over a trillion Euros via a deficit in the European Target2 banking system. Why would anyone with large savings choose to keep it in an Italian bank when there is a prospect of an Italian default or devaluation when, by contrast, the alternative is that Germany leaves the Euro and so revalues in a new Deutschemark which could only increase in value relatively? There is no barrier to currency movement within the EU but there is a large difference in risk so money could move rapidly and so accelerate any weaknesses.
Currency movements are difficult or impossible to predict given that they represent the sum of all knowledge and futures of two trading countries but, on the other hand, if the relative currencies are at some extreme relative position, for no particular reason, then one can still assume that their relative values will revert back to nearer the historical mean value at some time in the future. The US Dollar overtook the British Pound Sterling as the main currency of international trade after the Second World War but now more goods and services are priced and traded in USD than is actually bought by the USA itself. This gives the USA the exorbitant privilege of providing and printing the main reserve currency but it may be replaced in the future just like the US Dollar replaced the Pound Sterling.
It would appear to be incredibly stupid for a non-US resident to choose now as the time to invest in US equities given their high P/E ratio as well as the USD currency risk. The US has a large trade deficit with Europe and especially Asia. If foreigners stopped buying over-priced US equities and financial products, then the USD would fall in value even faster.
Inflation: Gold has not changed. Inflation represents a devaluation of all currencies. The British Pound may be the longest surviving currency but relative to Gold, it has not done well and also not done well relative to the USD.
Stock market prices are driven by the two strong emotions of fear and greed. Psychology is very important and is also called "Animal Spirits" in economic academic discussions.
I have no idea what will happen to the value of the Pound or any share on any day or even any month: it is almost random noise or often the result of deliberate manipulation by wealthy Americans. By contrast to European stock markets, which have some low levels of taxation (Stamp Duty at 0.5%) on share purchases to reduce the volatility and to pay for some regulation, Most American markets are both completely untaxed and lightly regulated. This lack of friction and regulation allows "day traders" and High Frequency Traders to use low-latency microwave links try to forward deal every trade and to profit from small noise or artificial manipulation over the short-term. Some cheaper US stockbrokers sell your trading bid information to outsiders which can cut your gains slightly. Some large trades happen outside the exchange or may be disguised as thousands of small trades. Sir Isaac Newton said that "He could predict the motion of the heavens, but not the madness of people!" 19 of 20 largest Internet companies are American. Meme stocks can trade on hype or even revenge as groups of investors try to hurt hedge funds profits deliberately.
Wisdom of markets - Index Trackers
American optimism and Internet growth stocks has resulted in the rate of return on UK investments over the last 20 years being less than half that of the same money invested in USA stocks.
Optimism is by definition a delusion, possibly a dangerous illusion like the Afghan man clinging to the outside of an American C-17 cargo aeroplane - young men are the most insane due to Testosterone suppression of sensible fears. Young men are also prominent in financial companies. Taking risks can lead to big rewards but the risks are still there. If countries, and whole economic systems are built on optimism, then we know that something will go badly wrong eventually. Assuming that positive feedback loops will always ensure waves of new and better technologies instead actually creates obvious risks that any part of a huge chain or web of complex interdependencies must never - ever - fail in any way. One only needs to see inside a Rolls Royce jet-engine and to know how much technology has gone into each hole in each blade on each of three rotating shafts and that it was actually engine computer communication chatter that was the last signal from the missing Malaysian Airways jet, not from anything in the cockpit. The Rolls Royce engine is monitoring itself and talking back to the UK manufacturer constantly. By contrast, donkey and bicycle transport is much more robust. The continual optimistic delusion almost ensures a catastrophic outcome at some point whilst injection of just enough reality and forward thinking to the actual possible realistic outcomes can inject sufficient safety to keep the good times rolling much longer. Some people watched the sales of Nokia mobile phones and assumed that that mathematical trajectory could continue forever whilst in reality, once everyone had two Nokia phones and Apple and Android popularised the capacitive touch screen phone, then Nokia, in its original form, was bought and destroyed by Microsoft.
I have no idea about any particular funds except their past performance which is often and now a poor guide. Warren Buffet is famous for owning many Apple and Coca Cola shares but apparently Coke have halved their profits whilst the share price has doubled so USA shares are just horrible madness now, except relative to other USA investments which are as crazy as a box of Mississippi frogs. Funds change shares held and their managers work on your behalf balancing choices or you can buy the company shares directly yourself. However, what works for 9 years out of 10 could still kill you in year 10 so there is always the proviso: "The past is no guide to future investment gains.". If there was a hurry to sell one day and partly he just buys other funds including Buffets Berkshire Hathaway which gets better returns directly! Falls are usually bigger and faster than gains. Slides often have a first and second stage so don't rush to buy everything the day after a big fall in stocks, wait two days at least for even a small general investment. Because I always only buy good company shares, I have been burned by buying too early after the start of a share price drop: I see the safe profits & dividends so I never lose money but when others panic, but I am forced to wait a year for sanity to return and I could have doubled my gains and had no anxiety by just waiting a little longer on the way down. This is sometimes termed "Catching a falling knife".
In many countries, financial advisors have no regulation or training requirements so one should always assume that they have no special crystal ball or knowledge of future events or prices. Theory of efficient markets - all known information should already be included in the price of any asset at any moment but markets cannot see the future as well as the past and pricing can be drastically wrong - even the best studied and biggest companies on the FTSE 100 index can change price by a factor of 10 within a few years. Buy low, sell high - means buy when there is total disaster occurring or expected and sell when everything looks perfect but that is the opposite of human instincts. It seems more natural to buy good companies after they have shown themselves capable of growing and/or making profits for many years already and which are confidently predicted generally to have great futures.
You can do your own proper company analysis by researching the financial history directly at Companies House where all UK registered businesses must file their annual statements. Trying to value a company is harder than it first appears because sentiment changes so rapidly, because different potential buyers value different parts of the company differently, because of government actions, wars etc.. Also, even multiplying the current share price by the number of shares issued only gives an apparent valuation on the particular day when perhaps one percent of the company value changed hands. If one tried to sell a higher proportion in one day, the overall company value would appear to fall and, at the opposite extreme, an attempt to buy all the shares in a takeover would result in a much higher valuation as many owners would hold out for a much higher price: by definition: they only hold those shares because they are more optimistic than all the others whom have already sold. Other difficulties valuing a company come from short-sellers who are deliberately hoping/encouraging a share price to fall but who may themselves get caught out in a short-squeeze like happened when Volkswagen was buying Porsche when short-sellers made huge losses and the price of Porsche shares shot skyward suddenly. Accountants can offer an official "Book value" for a company which can vary widely from the actual apparent valuation.Stochastic variation: smaller companies will be at the top of the largest percentage increase list but it is easier to understand the largest companies because their business model is obvious and also well studied by analysts.
American banks are printing more money and so are doing more private equity takeovers 2021 is a record breaking year for private equity deals in the UK, as so called corporate raiders target cheap British companies on the stock market. Private equity (PE) refers to finance firms that invest in private businesses or do deals to take public companies private and are associated with asset stripping and job losses. Low interest rates have created a dream environment for private equity. The UK is an attractive place to go shopping. The legacy of Brexit crushing share prices and profits and the large numbers of simple industrial and heavy industry stocks has bored fickle short-term investors in recent years. Consequently, many UK listed companies look cheap compared with international competitors especially as fiscal stimulus ends and profits become attractive again.
UK supermarkets like Asda and Morrisons have already been bought up by foreigners and Canadian pension companies are buying UK utilities. Other British companies that have fallen to private equity include: mechanics AA; infrastructure firm John Laing; St Modwen Properties; fund administrators Sanne Equiniti; private jet firm Signature Aviation; insurer LV; aerospace company Senior; and pan-Asian takeaway chain Itsu. Refinitiv noted that there have been 401 private equity deals so far this year in the UK worth more than $49.8bn: the most ever recorded (since 1996). The second highest was in 2018, when 297 companies went private. BT used to be the UK national telecomms company but already it has large chunks owned by foreign companies and more purchases or even an outright take over are rumoured. “The FTSE 100 is the worst performing major equity index since the UK Brexit vote in June 2016,” says Russ Mould, investment director at AJ Bell. "Unpopular equals unloved and unloved equals potentially undervalued."
When Warren Buffet selects which company shares to buy, he usually selects companies with low capital requirements, some special value, or protective moat, good cash generation and especially: good management who work hard for their shareholders. Charismatic company leaders can become famous but, in general, when studied, usually less charismatic bosses are more successful companies over time. Charismatic bosses can also force bad behaviours and psychopaths are happy to directly absolve their workers for their illegal, immoral or stupid actions. Fraud, liars and cheats - are everywhere in business and especially in large American companies like Enron, Madoff, WorldCom and even the most financially aware Nobel prize-winners and top bankers have made huge mistakes: LTCM and Lehman Brothers were run by some of the smartest financial wizards in the World. America does have an oversized number of frauds and the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) has failed many times even when directly warned about fraud. "Treason doth never prosper"
Americans also destroy their wealth through spending on healthcare. Almost all healthcare spending in the last few years of life is similar to burying your Saxon king with his Gold sword inside his favourite longship or blowing up Buckingham Palace each time a monarch dies. It would be much more productive if elderly insured people who are soon to die would be given a chance to do some drug experiments or to give their insurance bonus direct to their children or grand children for education or a business startup. Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World written in 1932 proposed the former idea. in normal previous times, most people used to die younger or soon after retirement so offering pensions and free healthcare to retirees was generous and provided by the state and affordable. Now, improved healthcare means that every three years average life expectancy increases by one more month and old people need five times more healthcare than working age people. UK and USA government debts are already huge and growing because, with stupid voters, governments gain popularity by spending money that they do not have from taxation and then sending young people (whom are not even allowed to vote) to pay the extant and growing debts caused by their spendthrift greedy lazy aged parents!
In feudal times, there would usually be a small unproductive elite aristocracy who could swan around collecting taxes and rents without needing to do any hard work whilst, by contrast, the great majority of people would need to work hard or they would simply die. The numbers of lazy aristocrats might actually be quite small and in the UK, the Civil List is quite short and the cost of paying for the monarchy was estimated to be less than five pence per year per UK resident. However, advances in healthcare and general quality of life now mean that there are huge increases in the numbers of unproductive elderly elite who no longer work or pay taxes but are much more likely to vote than young people. soon, in countries like Japan, one third of the population will no longer pay any taxes or do any work as both the workers retire and women fail to reproduce. Countries with low fecundity like Portugal, Spain and Japan will necessarily follow Darwinian laws and their current cultures will go extinct and most property wealth will be destroyed.
Northern Europe is famous for both cloudy skies and harsh Winters putting a large premium on survival skills, drinking milk (or kefir, cheese etc), and forward planning skills. Some Anglo-Saxon poems like The Wanderer talk of the love of serving ones leader and also measuring wisdom and age by counting the number of Winters survived and incorporated in Tolkein's fiction with characters age being measured in Winters. Planning ahead and considering ones own survival, and planning for it, are very natural in many people (notably excluding young men) so trying to cheat death is a common obsession but also guaranteed to be a costly failure.
The fastest ways to make money are normally illegal and dangerous but, in the UK, government control of land use since the 1940s has created an artificial lack of new accommodation and a legal opportunity for enormous profits: up to 200 times your investment in just a year or two - honestly and legally! Specifically, if one owns a piece of agricultural land (approximately GBP 21 thousand per Acre) on which planning permission is granted for building homes, the value of that acre may rise to almost GBP 2 million! The uplift in value/price all goes to the farmer/land owner; none of it goes to the local authority planning department that approved the change of land use or back to government to pay for new bike paths, roads, schools, drains etc. (Source Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government)
One could try doing all the land buying and building oneself but that is hard work and stressful as anyone who has watched the TV show Grand Designs knows for sure. Alternatively, one can just sit back and buy shares in successful land and house building companies which currently have gross margins over 20%. UK developer building permission comes in two stages: initial outline permission and then detailed permission which favours larger property developer companies and delays competition. Furthermore, the developers themselves ensure that properties are only released to the market as a slow stream to maintain high prices in any one location. However, housing demand is so high in the UK currently (6 million Europeans applied for UK residence at Brexit - end 2021) that most UK house builders can sell their houses off plan, before they are even built and the housebuilder companies debt levels have fallen dramatically in the last few years as the customers pay high prices in advance.
It always feels good to know that your money is directly helping something that you care about similarly to working in a hospital assisting the sickest people in society. However, everyone will die one day, Albert Einstein might not have been a good hospital cleaner and leaving the best investments for only selfish people to own actually rewards the most selfish people even more. Owning a little of an unclean company lets you gain any profits from it to give or spend directly on our green healthy future. Leaving bigger profits for someone else to spend on petrol, pollution or conspicuous consumption is clearly not clever. However, large fund managers and the richest folk should never invest in dirty companies unless they plan to nudge those companies for the better.
This Guardian Green Investing story is a nice introduction to cleaner investing. I invest in solar power through community solar projects in Australia and I promote solar power through www.filsolar.com. I also bought shares in Drax which switched from burning coal to cleaner carbon neutral or carbon negative wod chips - see below:
Do not try to research or follow every company like professional analysts might do or like Warren Buffet and his team might do when looking for a bargain. It is not worth your time and the "Efficient Market Theory" says that you are wasting your time but, actually, I have seen even large, well studied and famous companies like Rolls Royce Aero have share prices change by orders of magnitude over less than two years just because a small proportion of share owners panicked and appeared to devalue the whole company.
I knew nothing about investing initially and even tried to prevent my own family from doing anything so crazy or risky as buying shares when banks were offering over 7% interest on savings accounts. However, studying and working in Cambridge, I gradually learned that there were some amazing local opportunities. I did some research and made a list of requirements of what I thought would make a good first investment company:
I have never owned shares in Tesla despite loving the company and even naming my computers after Elon Musk in 2013 because the early Tesla company give similar warning lessons to anyone brave enough to start a company with large capital requirements: Tesla came within one day of bankruptcy twice and Elon knew funding might get tight but had had reassurances from previous financial backers that more funding would be available. However, on the last day before bankruptcy, two of the previously supportive investors turned around and said they would not actually be providing any more capital: not because they thought Tesla was a bad company, quite the opposite, they loved it but knew that it would be much cheaper to own completely after it had been forced into insolvency! However, now Tesla has cheap plentiful capital reserves and could also be profitable at normal levels for a car manufacturer.
So the Tesla share price is nothing to do with current profits or company insider valuations since even Elon Musk himself tried to sell Tesla at a fraction of its current price to Apple boss Tim Cook but, by contrast, Cook could not even be bothered to answer the begging phone call from Musk and Apple is setting up its own car company in a project codenamed Titan. Elon Musk also told everyone that he was thinking of selling the company for a small fraction of its current valuations (Musk also lied/exaggerated that he had buyers lined up (Funding was not secured) so he was reprimanded by the US SEC for stock price manipulation and is being investigated again in 2022). There were also many end-of-year sales pushes that Musk has exhorted were necessary just to keep Tesla afloat back when they were only selling the Model S car. One might also remember that most American car manufacturers go bankrupt occasionally, especially during the GFC (though Ford did not). The Tesla model 3 seems to be a good efficient fun car but one of the first Model S Plaid models burst into flames and, later, Will Prowse tried to return his Tesla Model S Plaid after less than one day of use due to both a main drive unit failure and a door handle failure. Car manufacturing has never been an easy or good route to excess profits.Also consider Volkswagen and Toyota who both manufacture about 10 times as many cars as Tesla and have greater manufacturing and sales experience but they only command profit margins of 10% at best and both are moving rapidly into electric car manufacturing. Also currently, Volkswagen EVs outsells Tesla in Europe (though Tesla is building a German car factory). Then we expect all the Japanese and Korean manufacturers to move half of their production over to EVs and the other Chinese manufacturers are already well ahead of Tesla in terms of numbers of EV sales.
Tesla currently has a problem that they do not build their own battery cells: they buy cells from Panasonic, Samsung and others, whilst the Chinese BYD company make the best current battery cells: their own "Blade" battery which is much safer and durable than the Panasonic/Tesla NMA which is basically a bomb without a detonator and not safe except relative to normal petrol cars which carry large tanks of horrifically dangerous petrol (but that does nothing without both Oxygen and an ignition source). A Panasonic/Tesla cell can explode by itself if it is either: short circuited or heated above 200 Celsius. So Tesla is going to face terrifyingly larger competitors from 2022 onwards and both BYD and Volkwagen may make both the best cars and the batteries but also sell them much cheaper than Tesla. A Tesla model 3 is three or four times the price of a BYD Dolphin. China, Vietnam and Korea will all be cheaper than manufacturing in California and Germany.
The performance of Tesla cars is excellent but is matched by some Porsche EVs and the new Lucid car company produce the gorgeous EV Air GT cars which offer both more power (1111 horse power) and longer range: over 500 miles between charges than all but one new version of the Tesla model S. Tesla has large gross profit margins on its cars currently and a huge pile of cheap capital so as long as foolish Apple buyers cannot buy Apple branded cars, they might pay a 30% premium for a Tesla just like they love to pay a 50% premium for handicapped Apple iPhones. Tesla removes many normal car controls and displays which may make Apple customers feel comfortable in their designer strait-jackets. Apple iPhones have no headphone socket, no FM radios, no USB-C port (a legal requirement in Europe), no Bluetooth transfer of photos to the person sat next to you on a beautiful mountain or isolated beach, no expandable storage, normally only a single SIM card, no replaceable battery, no Infra-Red beaming, no optical zooming, no choice of Web browser engine, no choice of app store etc. and are being fined in The Netherlands for scamming dating websites for taxes on payments.
Insecure Apple iPhone jewellery buyers might be able to buy an Apple car by 2025 - maybe they will remove the steering wheel too? I would buy a BYD today but I never buy new cars because they depreciate so quickly. If I was crazy rich, I might buy a Lucid GT Air or build something experimental like the TU Delft solar cruiser. Tesla cars are still good for charging at Superchargers on long journeys but Porsche and Lucid are better because they can use higher voltage batteries and 350 KWatt chargers. Tesla and Nissan helped accelerate EVs but Tesla cars are perhaps not worth the money now and competitors could really hurt Tesla car profits within 2 years time.
Tesla is not just a car company: they also sell energy storage products and solar panels with installation as they took over SolarCity in the USA. Tesla have developed some pretty solar roof tiles but they are not cheap and not suitable for many roofs: they do not work for complicated roofs (due to shading, diode and tile cutting problems) whilst their normal commercial solar panel business has rapidly halved in size and is being sued by some big customers for causing roof fires from their (unnecessary DC optimizers and flammable plastic connectors).
The Tesla energy business is a good huge one and can provide excellent frequency management service and load balancing for their delighted early customers but profitability is not clear currently because they need to buy all the Lithium cells from Samsung or other mainstream Lithium Ion suppliers and they sometimes burst into flames during commissioning tests. If Tesla was able to buy CATL or BYD Lithium Iron Phosphate cells, Tesla Energy could make a much safer and longer lasting product at a better profit margin but, obviously, anyone else could also buy those same cells from the same suppliers and compete in the same business so there cannot be a large profit margin. Similarly, BYD is already selling electric buses, electric cars (including the excellent cheap new Dolphin car which is less than one third of the price of a Tesla Model 3), Batteries, and grid storage energy products etc. so Tesla might not be able to compete with better cheaper commercial Chinese products who make their own cells, batteries and everything else that they sell.
Perhaps huge profits have become unfashionable ? The P/E ratio for Lloyds bank is listed at Yahoo as being less than 2. Other financial websites suggest a ratio around 6 is closer to reality. Most financial information is either wrong or badly out of date but the companies publish their own results quarterly. NatWest bank has a similar UK profile but is less profitable and has a P/E ratio around 12. Fintech companies and foreign competitors like The Vampire Squid may also challenge Lloyds. The only way that LLoyds bank could destroy such huge amounts of spare cash would be if it started buying UK properties at the current high prices: an idea which, curiously, is actually part of the plan of the new Lloyds CEO!
Governments can destroy any business anytime that they choose either deliberately or accidentally like through ,lockdowns. Populist politicians may choose to attack energy companies, banks or any company making a profit for shareholders. A stupid voting population will almost always guarantee bad government. Comparing North Vietnam against South Vietnam before unification, North Korea Vs South Korea currently and East Germany Vs West Germany should immediately convince anyone with an open mind that socialist policies are very attractive intellectually, and for promoting ideas of fairness, but capitalism with free trade and accountable politicians will always lead to much better efficiency and higher living standards. However, rich countries will cause more energy pollution.
The British government made a terrible mistake changing the law to allow customers investments to be stolen by accountants and bankruptcy/insolvency scavengers. I never joined the Beaufort stockbrokers but they bought a company called SimplyStockbroking and so bought my account, then The American FBI created a sting operation which affected just one of hundreds of brokers at Beaufort and so, in a large over-reaction, the UK regulators forced every account to be closed and raided by the accountants PWC when there was nothing wrong with the accounts. The errors compounded horribly until ShareSoc intervened with some sanity but the nasty accounting firm PWC and some lawyers paid themselves one thousand Pounds per hour doing nothing useful. UK investment brokers and UK investors are no longer safe from the UK regulators and our own accountants.
Some economists have noted that many poorly managed countries might be cursed by great natural resource wealth as oil supplies can be used to fund corruption which hinders normal private businesses and economic progress. There is also the phenomenon known as "The Dutch Disease" when large gas fields around Groningen led to foreign countries buying Dutch natural gas causing the Dutch Guilder currency to rise causing the destruction of many local businesses due to high relative wage costs. The same effect caused much of the destruction of UK businesses as oil wealth (and monetarist policies) caused the UK Pound to rise to almost three US dollars in value making UK goods too expensive for foreigners to buy, except for the oil.
All government spending comes from businesses either directly in business taxes or from salary taxes like national insurance, PAYE income taxes or from consumption taxes like Value Added Tax (VAT). Paradoxically, governments that are not trusted like those in Vietnam and The Philippines are not allowed to borrow money as cheaply as the USA so they have smaller government debts.
In the short term, and without understanding, speculation and investing appear similar. With low taxes and short periods, it is often possible to make more money by exploiting, noise, volatility or direct market manipulation. However, over longer periods and with more and larger traders, then it is more likely that stock prices will actually reflect fundamental profitability better. Good long term investors can do very badly relative to speculators and manipulators over short periods. The daughters of famous international bankers have made money than their fathers pumping and dumping cryptocurrencies and other fundamentally worthless magic numbers. As long as one can convince someone to buy your rotten shares or magic numbers then speculation can profit.
Insider dealing should be the easiest way to make money as it uses private knowledge of future profitability and friends sometimes do help each other - often for free - but it is usually illegal and it can be very easy to track on electronic exchanges but prosecutions are not common even in rich countries. Russia has been described as a kleptocracy after some clever well-connected officials and their friends made enormous profits by gaining ownership of Soviet era state companies like gas and other resource suppliers during the chaotic years as the USSR broke up.
The very richest people tend to be: clever manipulators/monopolists or at best: great investors, or great entrepreneurs who can see the future and who then work so hard and invest so much that they arrive as the leaders in the new age. Some of their large returns are a just reward for helping everyone but when I learn about natural monopolies in evil companies like Facebook/Meta, and how many helpful people Mark Zuckerberg used and abused to get to his position of domination, I am certain that much of his own wealth should be gently taxed away. It is sad that Facebook in 2022 has become infamous as the worst single company one-day nominal value destruction in the history of global stock markets. USA stock markets were crazy. Stories of genocide in Myanmar being fed by Facebook and the Internet takeover in The Philippines are very scary indeed. When Bill Gates ran Microsoft it used to be the most evil company but now they only stamp on freedom in smaller ways and no one would use any Microsoft software if they were not forced to do so. I just wish that Microsoft used their monopoly and wealth to actually put a little effort into producing better software - they are shameless failures and the World would be entirely better off without them because the free and open alternatives are better. Learning about the illegal abusive monopolistic behaviours of both Intel and Nvidia is a painful reminder of how some businesses have acted badly against competition and consumers. The corporate valuation of Nvidia is very surprising to me since I specifically try to avoid their GPU products in any computer that I buy due to their terrible support for GNU/Linux especially h.265 video decompression and simple stuff like reduced power usage in a laptop. AMD and Intel graphics chips are much better.
Remember the King of Tonga who trusted his American financial advisor who, unfortunately, ran off with most of the country's foreign exchange reserves. However, that might have been expected since he was also the official court jester and, even later, whilst I was there, some kind Australian accountants were focused on the basics still: trying to implement the country's first double-entry accounting system for the national bank!
Remember the old proverb that 'A fool and his money are soon parted'.
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